A practical reference on research chemical: what it is, how it behaves, what the literature reports, and where the honest uncertainties sit.
This page was last updated on 2025-11-08 and is reviewed periodically as new material appears.
SR9009 is often grouped with compounds studied for circadian and metabolic regulation rather than with classical anabolic steroids. Its interactions with nuclear receptors differ from those of androgen receptor ligands, and its proposed mechanisms involve transcriptional control rather than direct hormone signaling. Some sources classify it as a metabolic modulator because of observed effects on energy utilization. The distinction matters for regulation and for interpreting research results across different compound classes.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule developed as a REV-ERB agonist. It binds to REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ, nuclear receptors that help regulate circadian rhythms and metabolic gene expression. In cell and animal studies, the compound alters lipid and glucose handling and influences skeletal muscle oxidative capacity. Its exact effects in humans remain largely uncharacterized because controlled clinical trials have not been reported. The molecule is frequently described in preclinical literature as a metabolic modulator.
Research interest in SR9009 grew from studies showing improved running endurance in mice after short treatment periods. Those experiments linked the compound to increased mitochondrial content and fatty acid oxidation in muscle, but the findings come from animal models and specific dosing schedules. Independent replication has been limited, and the pathways connecting REV-ERB activation to exercise performance are still being mapped. Whether similar responses occur in humans is an open question.
Identity and purity testing for SR9009 commonly uses liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. This method separates the compound from matrix components and detects it by mass-to-charge transitions, providing sensitive and specific confirmation. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy can support structural identification, while high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection may estimate purity. Because online products labeled as SR9009 may contain other substances or no active compound at all, independent verification is important in research settings. Certificates of analysis are useful but not a substitute for in-house testing.
Laboratory samples of SR9009 are typically supplied as a white to off-white powder. The compound dissolves readily in organic solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide and ethanol, while its solubility in water is low. Because of this solubility profile, researchers often prepare concentrated stock solutions in an organic solvent before diluting them into aqueous assay buffers. Light exposure, moisture, and repeated freeze-thaw cycles can degrade many small molecules, so handling procedures usually aim to minimize these factors. Purity is commonly checked before use.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Molecular formula | C20H24ClN3O4S | Reported for the free base |
| Molecular weight | 437.9 g/mol | Calculated from the formula |
| Primary target | REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ | Nuclear receptors involved in circadian regulation |
| Solubility | Soluble in DMSO and ethanol | Poorly soluble in water |
| Typical storage | -20 °C, desiccated | Protect from light and moisture |
Identity and purity of SR9009 samples are usually checked with chromatographic and spectrometric methods. High-performance liquid chromatography can separate the compound from related impurities, while mass spectrometry provides molecular mass confirmation. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy may be used for structural verification in research settings. No single method proves biological activity, and certificates of analysis should be reviewed alongside raw data. Independent testing is often needed because online products vary widely.
SR9009 stability depends on temperature, moisture, light, and solvent. Solid material is generally kept cool and dry, while solutions may require protection from repeated warming and cooling. Degradation can appear as color changes, precipitate, or new chromatographic peaks. Researchers should follow supplier instructions and their own stability data. Long-term storage conditions for human use have not been established because the compound lacks approved clinical formulation.
SR9009 is supplied as a solid research chemical, often in milligram quantities. Laboratories typically weigh it in a controlled environment because fine powders can disperse. Stock solutions are commonly prepared in dimethyl sulfoxide and stored in small aliquots to reduce freeze-thaw cycles. Personal protective equipment and chemical fume hoods are standard when handling unknown or potent compounds. These practices address laboratory safety rather than human use.
Most published work on SR9009 consists of preclinical studies. It is widely sold as a research chemical, a category that does not imply safety, efficacy, or pharmaceutical-grade quality. Sports anti-doping organizations have listed SR9009 as a prohibited substance, and its presence in an athlete sample can lead to sanctions. Legal status differs by country; in several jurisdictions it is not approved for human consumption and may be treated as an unapproved new drug.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. It is not a steroid, peptide, or natural hormone. In scientific literature, it appears under the code SR9009 and in non-scientific contexts as Stenabolic. The compound was identified through chemical screening efforts aimed at targeting circadian clock components. Its status remains investigational, and no regulatory agency has approved it as a human medicine.
In 1885 Eddy was accused of promoting Spiritualism and pantheism by the Reverend Adoniram J. Gordon, in a letter read out by Joseph Cook during one of his popular Monday lectures at Tremont Temple in Boston. She demanded a right of reply, and on March 16, 1885, she told the congregation that she was not a Spiritualist, and that she believed in God as the Supreme Being and in the atonement. She described Christian Science healing as "Christ come to destroy the power of the flesh." Stephen Gottschalk wrote that the occasion marked the "emergence of Christian Science into American religious life." The first church building was erected in 1886 in Oconto, Wisconsin, by local women who believed Christian Science had helped them. For a down payment of $2,000 and a mortgage of $8,763, the church purchased land in Falmouth Street, Boston, for the erection of a building. Eddy asked Augusta Stetson, a prominent Scientist, to establish a church in New York. By the end of 1886 Christian Science teaching institutes had sprung up around the United States. In December 1887 Eddy moved to a $40,000, 20-room house at 385 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston. She had been teaching four to six classes a year, and by 1889 had probably made at least $100,000 (equivalent to $3,583,000 in 2025). By 1890 the Church of Christ (Scientist) had 8,724 members in the United States, having started 11 years earlier with just 26.
The Federal Prosecution Office by the Court of Accounts requested that the TCU investigate a possible irregularity in the use of public resources for the leisure trip. After the controversy, Macêdo replaced the ministry's executive secretary. Maria Coelho, then the secretary at the time, refused to authorize the use of public money for the out-of-season carnival trip, so the minister himself allegedly signed the authorization; thus, Maria resigned from the position under the argument of "differences with the head of the ministry". The new secretary is Kelli Mafort, former coordinator of the MST.
== Recent work on homing peptides and nanomedicine == Ruoslahti's research group has developed a novel class of tumor-homing peptides that can be used to enhance delivery of drugs and nanoparticles to tumors. These tumor-penetrating peptides selectively home to tumor vessels, where they activate a transport pathway that delivers the peptide, and along with it drugs and even nanoparticles, through the wall of tumor blood vessels and deep into tumor tissue. Having bound to tumor vessels the peptide is cleaved and an amino acid sequence motif named the C-end rule or CendR motif (pronounced "sender") is exposed at the C-terminus of the peptide. Subsequent binding of the peptide to neuropilin-1 activates the CendR transport pathway into and through tumor tissue. The prototype tumor-penetrating peptide, iRGD, is in clinical trials in solid tumor patients tested as an enhancer of cancer therapies. This peptide recognizes many different types of cancers, and it can be used for tumor delivery of various payloads that are either coupled to the peptide, or given together with it. iRGD has also been shown to effectively deliver drugs to the placenta, which could aid in the treatment of slow fetal growth. Recently, in vivo phage screening has been used to identify peptides that target hypertensive pulmonary arteries, atherosclerosis, and diseases of the brain.
== Overdose and toxicity == The German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment warns that muscimol and products containing it pose serious health risks, especially to children. The toxicity and safety profile of muscimol has been studied in various contexts, both experimental and clinical. It is described as being a relatively toxic compound in animals. The median lethal dose (LD50) in mice is 5.6 to 7 mg/kg intravenously, 3.8 mg/kg subcutaneously, 2.5 to 12 mg/kg intraperitoneally, and 22 mg orally. The LD50 in rats is 4.5 mg/kg intravenously and 45 mg/kg orally. Muscimol shows considerably greater lethal potency or toxicity than gaboxadol. A study on non-human primates indicated that muscimol, when administered in escalating doses, caused reversible hyperkinesia and dyskinesias at higher doses, but no long-term toxicity was observed on histological examination. Muscimol has shown potential as an anticonvulsant, blocking seizures induced by various agents in animal models without causing significant toxicity at therapeutic doses. Muscimol exhibits dose-dependent effects with higher doses leading to significant, but reversible, central nervous system symptoms. The dose of muscimol that is thought to be potentially fatal in humans has been reported to be approximately 90 mg, which is 15 times the reported threshold hallucinogenic dose of 6 mg.
Russian launched around 81 missiles, including 6 kinzhal missiles and 8 drones at Ukrainian cities. Ukraine's Military stated it shot down 34 missiles and 4 Shahed drones. Around nine people were killed and blackouts were reported. The Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant was briefly cut off from the Ukrainian electrical grid, leaving it running on backup diesel generators for the sixth time since Russian forces seized control of it 12 months ago. Russia stated that the attack was response to the 2023 Bryansk Oblast attack. The Head of Lithuanian military intelligence Elegijus Paulavicius, said in an interview that Russia had the resources to continue the war in Ukraine for at least two years at the "current intensity". He also dismissed the effect of sanctions as Russia had "long chains of intermediaries" to obtain Western technology. Western officials estimated between 20,000 and 30,000 Russian soldiers had been killed or wounded in the fighting around Bakhmut, while Ukrainian forces have lost about one fifth as many. These numbers could not be verified.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
=== Clinical and therapeutic evaluations === Aramwit's work has encompassed clinical and therapeutic evaluations across various health conditions. She found that mulberry leaves containing 12 mg of 1-deoxynojirimycin reduced fasting plasma glucose and glycated hemoglobin in obese individuals with borderline diabetes, with minimal side effects, and observed that their leaf powder also lowered triglyceride, LDL, and CRP levels in patients with mild dyslipidemia. In her collaborative studies, she discovered periostin as a biomarker for kidney disease severity in IgA nephropathy, demonstrated oxymetholone's muscle-enhancing effects in hemodialysis patients with liver injury risks, and detected ultrafiltration failure and fibrosis in long-term peritoneal dialysis patients through CA125 levels. Among other research works, she developed P80, a longan extract spray reducing viral adhesion, including COVID-19, as a prevention alternative, and explored crocetin's anti-cancer properties.
==== Inclusion of plasticizers ==== Inclusion of plasticizers tends to lower Tg and increase polymer flexibility. Addition of the plasticizer will also modify dependence of the glass-transition temperature Tg on the cooling rate. The mobility of the chain can further change if the molecules of plasticizer give rise to hydrogen bonding formation. Plasticizers are generally small molecules that are chemically similar to the polymer and create gaps between polymer chains for greater mobility and fewer interchain interactions. A good example of the action of plasticizers is related to polyvinylchlorides or PVCs. A uPVC, or unplasticized polyvinylchloride, is used for things such as pipes. A pipe has no plasticizers in it, because it needs to remain strong and heat-resistant. Plasticized PVC is used in clothing for a flexible quality. Plasticizers are also put in some types of cling film to make the polymer more flexible.
=== Women === In 2021, the World Economic Forum ranked Belize 90th out of 156 countries in its Global Gender Gap Report. Of all the countries in Latin America and the Caribbean, Belize ranked fourth from last. It ranked higher in the categories of "economic participation and opportunity" and "health and survival", but very low in "political empowerment". In 2019, the UN gave Belize a Gender Inequality Index score of 0.415, ranking it 97th out of 162 countries. As of 2019, 49.9% of women in Belize participate in the workforce, compared to 80.6% of men. 11.1% of the seats in Belize's National Assembly are filled by women.
=== Paraphimosis and other conditions === In some cases the foreskin may become swollen as a result of paraphimosis (foreskin trapped behind the glans) or other conditions such as severe balanitis. Should reduction of the swelling by conservative methods be unsuccessful, a dorsal slit is a common intervention of choice since circumcision is almost always excluded in such cases. While it was formerly recommended that circumcision be subsequently performed once the originating condition has subsided, this appears to be no longer the case.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
The Rutgers team reported streptomycin in the medical literature in January 1944. Within months they began working with William Feldman and H. Corwin Hinshaw of the Mayo Clinic with hopes of starting a human clinical trial of streptomycin in tuberculosis. The difficulty at first was even producing enough streptomycin to do a trial, because the research laboratory methods of creating small batches had not yet been translated to commercial large-batch production. They managed to do an animal study in a few guinea pigs with just 10 grams of the scarce drug, demonstrating survival. This was just enough evidence to get Merck & Co. to divert some resources from the young penicillin production program to start work toward streptomycin production. At the end of World War II, the United States Army experimented with streptomycin to treat life-threatening infections at a military hospital in Battle Creek, Michigan. The first person who was treated with streptomycin did not survive; the second person survived but became blind as a side effect of the treatment. In March 1946, the third person—Robert J. Dole, later Majority Leader of the United States Senate and presidential nominee—experienced a rapid and robust recovery. The first randomized trial of streptomycin against pulmonary tuberculosis was carried out in 1946 through 1948 by the MRC Tuberculosis Research Unit under the chairmanship of Geoffrey Marshall (1887–1982). The trial was neither double-blind nor placebo-controlled. It is widely accepted to have been the first randomized curative trial.
Antibacterial, antiviral and anti-fungal properties have been investigated in response to AgNP dissolution. Antibacterial activities of AgNPs are much stronger in oxygenic conditions than anoxic conditions. Through their oxidative dissolution in biological systems, AgNPs can target important biomolecules such as “DNA, peptides, and cofactors” as well as absorb into nonspecific moieties and simultaneously disrupt several metabolic pathways. They have been known to act as a bridging agent between thiols, to have affinity for organic amines and phosphates. The combination of silver ions’ reaction with biomolecules with oxidative stress, ultimately leads to toxicity in biological environment.
== Phosphoanhydride bond formation == While early studies of phosphorimidazolide derivatives of nucleotides found that oligonucleotides could form in the presence of a complementary template, pyrophosphate-linked dimers formed predominantly in the absence of a template. This proclivity for forming new phosphoanhydride bonds has been used in the synthesis of several pyrophosphate-containing organic compounds. A variety of modified nucleotide triphosphates were synthesized using a cyanoethyl-protected phosphorimidazolide reagent. Phosphoanhydride bond forming reactions were found to proceed most rapidly in amide-based organic solvents such as N,N-dimethylformamide and particularly in N,N-dimethylacetamide with Mg2+ or Zn2+ catalysts.
== Death == On November 24, 2019, Cantelmo left a note at his house saying he was going for a walk and would return in a few hours. He hiked approximately four miles into the Angeles National Forest. His body was found on the West Fork Fascination Spring Trail. He had two folding knives with him. The Los Angeles County Department of Medical Examiner-Coroner ruled the death a suicide caused by sharp force injuries of the neck and forearms (case number 2019-08851). No suicide note was found at the scene. The medical examiner’s office noted that Cantelmo was under threat of losing his house and was scheduled to meet a realtor. Toxicology testing did not include DMT as a standard analyte. An expert who reviewed the autopsy information stated that the injuries were consistent with self-infliction and that there were no defense wounds.
Deborah Kay Dunn-Walters FMedSci (born September 1963) is a British immunologist who is Professor of Immunology and Associate Dean for Research and Innovation at the University of Surrey. Her research considers B-cell development in healthy ageing and in disease, particularly from the viewpoint of antibody repertoires. During the COVID-19 pandemic, Dunn-Walters focussed on mapping responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection and the development of single cell analyses of the immunological responses to a COVID-19 vaccine. She was a member of the Scientific Advisory Group for Emergencies, and provided the government with scientific advice during the pandemic.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
It is a synthetic REV-ERB agonist used mainly in preclinical research. It is not an approved medicine for human use.
It binds to REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ, nuclear receptors involved in circadian and metabolic gene regulation. This can alter transcription of genes related to lipid and glucose metabolism in experimental models.
No controlled human trials have established that effect. Endurance findings come primarily from rodent studies, and human responses remain unknown.
Research-grade SR9009 is typically stored frozen at about minus twenty degrees Celsius, protected from light and moisture. Stock solutions are often kept in aliquots to avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles. Specific storage conditions should follow the supplier's documentation.